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Following               the               end               of               a               long-standing               dispute               built               on               combat               and               negotiation,               Zionist               leader               David               Ben-Gurion               officially               declared               the               state               of               Israel               the               national               Jewish               homeland               on               May               14,               1948.

While               Palestinian               Arabs               made               efforts               to               curb               the               influx               of               Zionist               immigration               and               land               purchases               beginning               in               the               1880s,               the               recognition               of               Israel               as               an               independent               Jewish               state               after               World               War               II               fulfilled               the               dream               of               statehood               for               thousands               of               Eastern               European               Jews.
               Several               crucial               factors,               internally               and               externally,               impelled               these               Zionists               to               gain               independence               from               Palestinian               Arabs               and               establish               a               sacred               homeland.
               Specifically,               the               Zionist               movement               proved               to               be               successful               over               time               due               to               a               strong               Jewish               identity,               a               stable               infrastructure,               an               abundance               of               economic               means               and               the               political               support               from               several               Western               democracies.
               The               bond               that               Jews               shared               as               a               distinct               people               provided               the               foundation               for               the               Zionist               movement               and               triggered               the               first               steps               toward               the               creation               of               Israel.

In               their               earliest               existence,               Jews               had               for               a               long               time               been               unified               by               a               strong               religious               and               cultural               identity.
               For               many               centuries,               Jews               held               close               ties               to               the               Eretz               Israel,               or               Palestine,               as               their               ancestral               and               biblical               homeland.

Jews               never               forgot               this               holy               land               -               it               had               always               been               a               territory               that               consisted               of               Jewish               inhabitants.
               Throughout               their               history               in               Eastern               Europe,               Jews               were               confined               to               small,               isolated               communities               and               subject               to               various               attacks,               or               pogroms.

Realizing               that               life               in               Russia               was               intolerable,               the               Jews               looked               to               acquire               territory               elsewhere               with               many               envisioning               a               return               to               Palestine.
               Israeli               author               Amos               Elon               explains               in               his               novel,               The               Israelis:               Founders               and               Sons,               this               desire               to               escape               religious               persecution               and               possess               freedom               in               a               new               homeland:               "Many               were               seized               by               a               profound               desire               to               get               away               from               it               all               -               from               anti-Semitism,               social               injustice,               money,               capitalism,               away               even               from               the               fetters               of               their               own               orthodox               religion               -               to               a               desert               island               of               their               dreams,               where               no               man               would               be               his               fellow's               master."
               With               Jews               beginning               to               emigrate               from               Eastern               Europe               in               the               late               19th               century,               they               continued               to               uphold               their               strong               Israeli               identity               and               heritage.

These               cultural               ties               to               Israel               provided               a               strong,               stable               Zionist               following               strengthened               by               secular               nationalism               and               anti-Jewish               prejudice.
               While               Jews               from               Eastern               Europe               shared               a               common               culture               and               religion,               their               heritage               had               been               marked               by               continual               prejudice               and               ostracism               that               led               to               the               projected               move               to               Palestine.
               As               Elon               explains,               there               was               a               "primeval               force               which               drew               the               Zionists               to               Palestine               and               only               Palestine."
               Jewish               journalist               Theodore               Herzl               inspired               this               Zionist               following,               calling               for               the               creation               of               a               Jewish               state               to               embrace               European               Jewry               and               abolish               anti-Semitism               that               still               existed               in               Western               Europe.
               Although               Herzl's               project               to               gain               international               recognition               for               a               Jewish               state               ultimately               failed,               his               vision               led               to               further               solidarity               among               European               Jews               with               the               creation               of               the               World               Zionist               Organization               and               Jewish               National               Fund.

These               organizations               provided               the               framework               for               the               Zionist               movement               and               ultimately               the               creation               of               a               Jewish               state.
               With               a               shared               identity               and               heritage               now               established               in               Palestine,               Zionists               gradually               created               an               infrastructure               to               achieve               their               aspirations               for               Jewish               nationalism               and               assimilation               in               their               new               home.
               Jews               believed               that               this               new               society               would               feature               the               socialist               ideals               that               had               been               introduced               to               them               while               living               in               Russia.

This               socialist               ideology               included               a               commitment               to               the               land               with               a               focus               on               agriculture               and               cultivation.
               Thus,               the               economic               status               of               Zionists               was               safe               under               the               principles               of               socialism,               allowing               each               to               gain               equally.

Jews               established               their               economy               based               largely               on               the               exclusion               of               Arabs               from               land               they               farmed               and               from               the               Jewish               labor               market.
               Along               with               the               benefits               of               a               socialist               society,               the               establishment               of               the               World               Zionist               Organization               created               a               home               for               the               Jews               in               Palestine               secured               by               public               law.
               Moreover,               the               Zionists               were               able               to               maintain               a               strong               economic               standing               with               the               wealth               generated               from               the               Jewish               National               Fund               and               other               financial               organizations,               including               the               American               Zion               Commonwealth.

As               the               only               source               of               financing,               these               endowments               presented               the               Zionists               with               external               sources               of               capital.
               In               contrast,               Palestinian               Arab               families               lacked               such               capital               because               of               their               inability               to               access               outside               funds               -               their               wealth               was               in               the               land,               with               land               speculation               providing               the               means               for               possession.

Thus,               the               sale               of               land               to               the               Jews               was               the               only               solution               the               Arab               community               had               for               acquiring               cash               to               preserve               their               economic               and               political               stability               in               society.
               For               example,               during               the               years               1908               to               1913,               Jews               bought               over               10,000               acres               of               farmland               and               bought               35,000               more               as               World               War               I               began               in               Europe.

By               1914,               Jews               already               owned               half               of               the               land.
               The               expansive               budget               that               the               Zionist               movement               instituted               for               land               purchases               greatly               helped               the               Jews               secure               possession               of               the               land               while               fulfilling               monetary               needs               of               the               Palestinian               Arabs.
               The               external               support               from               Great               Britain,               the               United               States               and               the               United               Nations               strengthened               the               Zionist               movement               in               achieving               its               goal               of               statehood.
               After               the               Sykes-Picot               Agreement               in               May               1916               officially               defined               the               Arab               land               under               British               and               French               control,               the               British               government               increased               its               interest               in               Zionism               and               the               state               of               Palestine               soon               afterward.

Concerned               that               Russia               would               withdraw               from               World               War               I,               Great               Britain               feared               that               the               Germans               would               be               able               to               focus               their               troops               on               France               and               Britain               in               the               West.
               To               avoid               this               possibility,               the               British               began               to               promote               Zionism               to               help               sustain               Russia's               war               effort               against               Germany.

Even               more,               the               British               believed               that               their               support               of               Zionism               would               encourage               the               United               States               to               enter               the               war.
               With               that               in               mind,               the               Balfour               Declaration               of               November               2,               1917               was               drafted               to               promise               the               Jews               a               national               home               in               Palestine.

This               document               was               the               first               to               recognize               the               Zionist               efforts               for               a               Jewish               state.
               While               the               British               held               sentiment               for               the               Jews               after               the               Holocaust               and               World               War               II,               this               was               not               the               primary               reason               for               the               British               government's               support               of               the               Zionist               movement.

Rather,               Great               Britain               supported               the               Zionist               movement               over               the               Palestinian               Arabs               as               a               means               for               expanding               their               imperial               interests               in               the               Middle               East.
               Author               Charles               D.

Smith               explains               these               imperialistic               ties               that               Palestine               offered               the               British:               "Imperialism               and               the               security               of               imperial               interests               were               the               crux               of               19th               century               great               power               relations,               based               on               the               economic               as               well               as               military               and               politic               advantages               to               be               derived               from               direct               or               indirect               control               of               territory.

Here               Zionism               melded               with               British               assumptions               of               their               right               to               deal               with               territories               they               saw               fit."
               This               support               outside               of               Palestine               gave               the               Zionist               movement               leverage               in               reaching               their               hope               for               a               Jewish               state.
               However,               the               British               recognized               the               need               to               address               the               interests               of               the               Palestinian               Arabs               during               World               War               II.

This               change               in               partiality               started               with               the               creation               of               the               White               Papers               in               1939,               stating               that               Jews               would               be               allowed               to               create               a               Jewish               National               Homeland               in               an               independent               Palestinian               state.
               But               the               willingness               to               offer               some               stake               of               the               land               to               the               Palestinian               Arabs               infuriated               Ben-Gurion               and               the               rest               of               the               Zionist               movement               after               being               guaranteed               their               own               state               in               the               Balfour               Declaration.
               In               turn,               Zionists               decided               that               they               would               not               settle               for               this               new               solution               to               the               conflict,               demanding               unlimited               immigration               to               produce               a               Jewish               majority               for               the               creation               of               Israel.

And               for               that,               the               Zionists               looked               to               the               United               States               in               order               to               regain               support               for               an               independent               Jewish               state.
               With               a               large               population               of               European               Jews               lacking               a               home               after               the               catastrophic               events               of               World               War               II               and               the               Holocaust,               United               States               President               Harry               S.

Truman               was               emotionally               inclined               to               provide               the               Jews               with               refuge.
               Consequently,               at               the               end               of               August               1945,               he               requested               that               Great               Britain               and               Prime               Minister               Clement               Attlee               sponsor               the               immigration               of               100,000               Jewish               refugees               into               Palestine.

This               proposal               initiated               American               involvement               in               the               Middle               East               as               the               United               States               began               working               with               the               British               to               resolve               the               land               dispute               of               Palestine.
               While               Americans               agreed               that               Palestine               should               represent               a               haven               for               Jews               who               had               survived               the               Holocaust,               part               of               this               support               for               the               Zionists               was               to               reject               admissions               into               the               United               States.

Truman               later               explained               that               the               United               States               would               not               have               any               military               influence               in               Palestine,               but               he               did               approve               the               admission               of               100,000               refugees               into               the               country.
               The               backing               of               the               United               States               in               conjunction               with               the               United               Nations               Special               Committee               on               Palestine               (UNSCOP)               added               to               this               international               support               for               Ben-Gurion               and               the               Zionist               movement.

As               meetings               progressed               in               1947,               the               international               community               continued               to               recognize               the               right               of               the               Jews               to               an               independent               state               in               part               of               Palestine.
               Soon               after,               Zionists               were               awarded               the               state               of               Israel               within               the               borders               designated               by               the               UNSCOP               partition               plan               in               1948.

So               between               a               strong               economic               and               political               commitment               by               the               world               powers               and               the               ability               of               the               Zionists               to               establish               a               strong               infrastructure,               the               success               of               the               state               of               Israel               was               ultimately               assured.
               Yet               in               the               end,               the               dispute               over               occupying               Palestine               pitted               two               cultural               groups               against               one               another.

With               the               Zionists               succeeding               in               their               quest               for               a               Jewish               homeland,               the               failure               of               the               Palestinian               Arabs               to               achieve               their               own               separate               state               has               continued               to               be               the               cause               of               much               conflict               and               upheaval               in               the               Middle               East               over               the               last               60               years.
               But               overall,               deficiencies               in               nationalism,               political               organization               and               leadership,               economic               growth,               external               support               and               military               power               jeopardized               the               creation               of               a               Palestinian               state               during               the               first               half               of               the               20th               century.
               The               absence               of               a               Palestinian               nationalist               movement               was               in               sharp               contrast               with               the               cohesive               Zionist               movement               desperate               to               find               a               Jewish               homeland.

Unlike               the               Jews               of               Eastern               Europe,               the               Palestinian               Arabs               did               not               hold               the               same               sense               of               nationalism               and               community               that               Eastern               European               Jews               produced               under               the               Zionist               movement.
               Rather,               Palestinian               society               began               with               the               settled               agriculturalists,               also               known               as               the               fellaheen               or               peasants,               in               correspondence               to               the               dominant               landowning               families               that               controlled               rural               economic               and               social               life.

While               the               fellaheen               represented               the               majority               of               inhabitants               in               Palestine,               the               1834               revolt               integrated               the               peasantry               with               Bedouins,               rural               sheikhs               and               Jerusalem               religious               figures               in               comprising               the               Palestinian               people.
               Even               though               these               Semitic               people               had               a               long               history               living               in               Palestine,               they               were               not               strongly               tied               to               any               specific               heritage,               tradition,               or               common               bond               similar               to               the               Eastern               European               Jews,               who               had               a               long               history               as               victims               of               religious               persecution               and               managed               to               overcome               other               cultural               obstacles               in               earlier               centuries.
               This               lack               of               identity               was               partly               due               to               the               fact               that               the               Palestinians               Arabs               did               not               have               a               cause               to               bind               them               together;               they               originally               came               from               many               tribes               of               a               transient               people.
               Although               Palestinian               Arabs               shared               an               attachment               to               the               land               and               a               desire               for               agricultural               development,               they               were               unable               to               organize               a               unified               nationalistic               following               to               pursue               their               objectives.
               In               addition               to               this               absence               of               nationalism               and               identity,               the               lack               of               political               organization               and               leadership               among               the               Palestinian               Arabs               added               to               the               list               of               problems               for               establishing               independence               and               statehood.
               For               many               years,               Palestine               lacked               both               a               central               leader               and               an               organized               political               system               to               inform               and               mobilize               its               inhabitants.

At               the               end               of               1918,               Palestine               was               represented               under               a               single               administration               despite               minimal               Arab               participation               in               mandate               affairs.
               Observing               this               disconnection               between               Palestinian               Arabs,               Zionist               Herbert               Samuel               attempted               to               create               a               legislative               body               in               Palestine               with               the               formation               of               an               Arab               Agency               to               represent               Arab               interests               similar               to               the               Zionist               Executive               for               the               Jews.
               But               this               plan               failed               to               receive               Arab               support               and               accordingly,               terminated               British               efforts               to               place               Arab               leaders               into               official               contact               with               its               government.

Such               political               apathy               from               the               Palestinian               Arabs               left               them               with               no               voice               and               little               political               influence               concerning               the               proposal               for               a               Jewish               homeland.
               The               Palestinian               Arabs               continued               to               show               signs               of               political               disorganization               and               ineffective               leadership               as               the               Zionists               neared               a               resolution               for               a               new               homeland               with               the               British               government.
               However,               this               trend               looked               to               end               with               the               initial               attacks               on               Jews               during               the               Arab               Revolt               in               April               1936.
               The               Arab               community               temporarily               exerted               a               sense               of               political               unity               with               the               formation               of               the               Arab               Higher               Committee.

This               committee               promoted               a               strike               by               Arab               workers               and               government               employees,               a               boycott               against               Jewish               goods               or               sales               to               Jews               and               various               attacks               on               Jewish               settlements               and               British               forces.
               Even               so,               this               display               of               political               organization               would               only               last               several               months               as               the               revolt               failed               due               to               the               fact               that               Arab               workers               could               not               strike               in               an               effective               manner.

If               they               did               strike,               they               were               quickly               be               replaced               by               Jewish               workers,               losing               the               opportunity               to               influence               government               policies               through               diplomacy.
               So               with               the               collapse               of               the               Arab               Higher               Committee,               Palestinian               leadership               during               the               revolt               splintered               into               individual               commanders.

Hence,               Palestinian               Arabs               gradually               became               leaderless               as               Zionist               leadership               under               Ben-Gurion               continued               to               remain               strong.
               By               1839,               the               Arab               Higher               Committee               had               collapsed               with               the               end               of               the               Arab               Revolt               as               many               Palestinian               leaders               fled               Palestine               to               avoid               captivity               and               punishment               from               the               British.
               Then,               from               the               United               Nations               partition               plan               in               1947,               the               Palestinian               Arabs               sure               enough               exposed               their               problems               again               with               political               leadership               and               organization.

The               passive               leadership               under               Jamal               al-Husayni               and               lack               of               representation               from               the               peasantry               and               urban               bourgeoisie               further               delayed               their               hope               for               an               Arab               state.
               The               minimal               amount               of               economic               opportunity               and               external               support               created               another               dilemma               for               the               Palestinian               Arabs               in               gaining               independence               from               the               Zionist               movement.
               As               peasants               and               farmers,               the               Palestinian               Arabs               did               not               have               the               same               opportunities               to               grow               economically.

While               the               Zionists               largely               benefited               from               external               capital               sources,               the               Palestinians               had               to               rely               solely               on               the               land               to               bring               them               wealth.
               Even               though               the               Palestinians               expanded               their               agricultural               production               in               vegetables               and               other               crops,               "they               found               themselves               falling               farther               and               farther               behind               the               Jews               and               the               most               advanced               Arab               sector."
               After               these               earlier               years               in               Palestine,               the               economic               situation               for               the               Arabs               continued               to               deteriorate               with               the               conclusion               of               World               War               I.

The               status               of               Palestine               as               a               mandate               under               European               control               presented               an               economic               disadvantage               for               the               Arabs,               who               were               easily               exploited               under               Britain's               colonial               practices.
               And               with               Palestine               not               granted               the               right               to               create               discriminatory               tariffs               against               members               of               the               League               of               Nations,               the               economy               became               an               open               market               where               countries               could               unload               their               surplus               agricultural               and               industrial               goods.

This               situation               hurt               the               Arab               economy               in               Palestine.
               Additionally,               the               lack               of               support               from               surrounding               Arab               countries               proved               to               be               detrimental               to               the               Palestinian               effort.

In               contrast,               the               Zionists,               under               the               leadership               of               Ben-Gurion,               were               able               to               "rely               on               allies               abroad               to               apply               strong               pressures               to               influence               decisions               in               their               favor,               something               denied               Arabs               of               any               political               affiliation."
               The               economic               support               that               the               Zionist               movement               received               from               the               World               Zionist               Organization               and               Jewish               National               Fund               offered               more               political               leverage               to               the               Jews               in               dealing               with               Great               Britain,               and               later,               the               United               Nations.
               While               these               internal               and               external               economic               and               political               failures               damaged               the               chances               of               forming               an               Arab               state,               the               defeats               suffered               from               the               Arab               Revolt               and               Arab-Israeli               Wars               provided               the               final               blow.
               Although               the               Palestinians               held               an               overwhelming               advantage               in               military               participation               throughout               the               Arab               Revolt,               Jewish               immigration               had               contributed               a               disproportionate               share               of               young               men               for               the               Zionists.
               However,               the               political               disorganization               and               lack               of               leadership               gave               the               Palestinian               forces               no               chance               of               defeating               the               Zionists.

With               no               infrastructure               for               supplies,               weapons,               ammunition,               communications               and               recruitment,               the               Palestinian               Arabs               proved               to               be               incapable               of               matching               the               military               coordination               and               planning               of               the               Jews.
               By               1939,               the               collapse               of               organized               Arab               resistance               and               the               absence               of               central               authority               signaled               the               defeat               of               the               Palestinians.

In               1948,               similar               deficiencies               in               manpower,               military               training               and               planning               proved               to               be               the               cause               of               many               Palestinian               deaths               and               ultimately               squandered               any               chance               of               independence               for               the               Arab               community.
               Consequently,               the               Arab               Revolt               and               the               Arab-Israeli               Wars               were               reminders               of               the               poor               leadership               and               organization               that               plagued               Palestinian               Arabs               from               the               outset               of               the               20th               century.

The               Palestinian               Arabs               were               never               able               to               match               the               unity,               nationalism,               political               leadership               and               organization,               economic               prosperity,               international               recognition,               or               military               strength               that               had               produced               a               Jewish               state               for               the               Zionist               movement.
               Instead,               the               inability               of               the               Palestinians               to               demonstrate               these               various               achievements               eventually               left               the               Arab               nation               divided,               economically               weak               and               politically               unstable.
               Bibliography
               Kimmerling,               Joel               S.

and               Baruch               Migdal.

The               Palestinian               People.

Cambridge:               Harvard               University               Press,               2003.
               Smith,               Charles               D.

Palestine               and               the               Arab-Israeli               Conflict:               A               History               with               Documents.

New               York:               Bedford/St.

Martin's,               2006.






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