2013년 11월 24일 일요일

About 'master in politics'|A master class in politics: Bill Clinton







About 'master in politics'|A master class in politics: Bill Clinton








"There               is               an               ecstasy               that               marks               the               summit               of               life,               and               beyond               which               life               cannot               rise...

This               ecstasy,               this               forgetfulness               of               living,               comes               to               the               artist,               caught               up               and               out               of               himself               in               a               sheet               of               flame;               it               comes               to               the               soldier,               war-mad               on               a               stricken               field               and               refusing               quarter;               and               it               came               to               Buck,               leading               the               pack,               sounding               the               old               wolf               cry,               straining               after               the               food               that               was               alive               and               that               fled               swiftly               before               him               through               the               moonlight"               (London               62).

This               famous               excerpt               from               The               Call               of               the               Wild               by               Jack               London               reveals               that               the               joy               of               living               comes               about               through               the               loss               of               self-awareness.

Though               London               has               long               been               praised               for               his               storytelling               ability,               far               too               often               he               is               disparaged               for               his               so-called               indecisiveness.

However,               though               London               had               eclectic               beliefs,               the               above               passage               makes               it               clear               that               he               believed               that               the               same               type               of               ecstasy               occurs               for               all               people               in               every               kind               of               setting.

With               this               passage               and               others               like               it               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild,               London               reveals               that               despite               the               many               differences               between               nature               and               civilization,               these               two               settings               have               many               similarities               as               well.
               London               drew               inspiration               for               this               novel               from               the               wide               variety               of               experiences               that               he               had               throughout               his               short               life.

He               grew               up               in               San               Francisco,               but               at               the               age               of               fifteen               he               started               to               expand               his               horizons               by               traveling               the               world               by               ship.

At               this               point               he               became               a               Socialist,               developed               a               dislike               for               capitalism,               and               chose               to               fully               support               Darwin's               theories;               all               of               these               decisions               strongly               influenced               his               writing.

When               he               was               twenty-one,               he               went               to               Alaska               to               take               part               in               the               Klondike               Gold               Rush,               and               his               life               was               changed               forever.

The               wilderness               of               the               North               captured               his               imagination,               and               for               the               rest               of               his               life               the               majority               of               his               works               involved               the               North               and               the               balance               between               civilization               and               nature.

He               formed               complex,               conflicted               ideas               on               nearly               everything,               including               politics,               and               incorporated               these               opinions               into               his               writing.
               The               wide               range               of               convictions               that               London               portrays               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild               has               led               critics               to               animatedly               discuss               what               he               truly               believed.

Some               critics,               such               as               Gordon               Mills,               assume               that               he               was               "both               insincere               and               confused"               (336)               about               his               own               opinions.

Many               of               these               critics               think               that               his               indecisiveness               makes               his               various               themes               weaker               and               less               influential               than               they               could               have               been               had               he               focused               on               one               alone.

For               example,               while               London's               novel               suggests               the               similarities               between               nature               and               civilization,               it               also               reveals               the               differences               between               the               two.

Critics               of               The               Call               of               the               Wild               often               focus               on               the               latter               theme               and               believe               that               "the               myth               of               Buck,               the               great               dog,               is               an               embodiment               of               the               American               dream               of               escaping               from               the               entangling               complexity               of               modern               living               back               to               a               state               as               unencumbered               as               the               sled               that               Buck               pulls"               (Benoit               246).

Other               critics               point               out               London's               inability               to               decide               "whether               nature               was               a               source               of               virtue...or               an               arena               of               unmitigated               savagery"               (Mills               336).

On               the               other               hand,               George               Orwell,               a               literary               giant               in               his               own               right,               understood               that               if               London               had               been               more               consistent               "he               would               probably               have               left               behind               nothing               of               interest"               (qtd.

in               Berliner               74).

London's               many               views               allow               his               novels               to               present               several               unique               ideas               at               once,               forcing               his               readers               to               think               for               themselves               and               choose               what               they               believe.

Earl               Labor               sums               this               up               quite               well               when               he               states               that               "a               close               reading               of               London's               works               reveals               neither               his               confusion               nor               his               lack               of               sincerity               so               much               as               his               remarkable               tact               in               handling               complex               symbolic               patterns"               (149).

Thus,               despite               London's               often               conflicting               ideals,               it               is               clear               to               observant               readers               that               many               similarities               exist               between               nature               and               civilization               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild.
               London               makes               it               obvious               that               in               both               environments,               being               part               of               a               structured               society               is               absolutely               vital               for               survival.

In               civilization,               society               is               necessary               to               form               relationships,               obtain               jobs,               and               find               food               and               shelter.

In               the               harsh               environment               of               the               north,               wolves,               sled               dogs,               and               humans               are               only               able               to               survive               if               they               work               in               groups;               society               is               imperative               for               life.

Indications               of               this               knowledge               can               be               seen               throughout               The               Call               of               the               Wild,               such               as               when               Spitz               attacks               Buck.

Francois               quickly               punishes               Spitz               for               this               infraction               because               by               attempting               to               kill               one               of               the               team               members,               he               is               threatening               the               lives               of               the               rest               of               the               team               as               well.

After               Buck               attacks               the               acknowledged               leader               of               the               sled               team               he               is               also               punished,               because               without               a               leader               the               dog               team               cannot               be               driven.

When               Buck               further               attempts               to               become               leader               he               destroys               the               solidarity               of               the               team,               making               it               more               difficult               for               the               team               to               reach               the               next               town               before               their               food               gives               out.

By               refusing               to               keep               to               the               established               system               of               society,               the               dogs               are               risking               their               lives               and               the               lives               of               all               those               around               them.

This               is               one               reason               why               Buck's               masters               are               relieved               when               he               finally               kills               Spitz.

From               the               moment               Spitz               and               Buck               met,               Spitz               continually               tried               to               kill               Buck;               he               worked               for               his               own               gains               rather               than               for               the               good               of               the               team.

Because               he               did               not               do               as               society               commanded               he               was               a               liability,               and               he               died               because               of               his               refusal               to               conform.

By               the               last               page               of               the               novel,               Buck               has               joined               a               new               society               by               becoming               the               leader               of               a               wolf               pack,               and               he               asserts               his               leadership               by               guiding               the               wolves               in               their               song.

The               similarities               between               the               societies               of               civilization               and               the               North               are               shown               most               blatantly               shortly               after               Buck               arrives               in               Dawson.

At               that               point               the               narrator               states,               "It               seemed               the               ordained               order               of               things               that               dogs               should               work...[they]               did               all               manner               of               work               that               horses               did               in               the               Santa               Clara               Valley"               (London               57).

This               excerpt               shows               that               though               civilization               and               nature               are               two               very               different               environments,               the               societies               of               both               operate               in               very               similar               ways.
               The               fact               that               there               is               structured               society               in               both               environments               means               that               in               both               there               are               also               laws               that               must               be               followed.

However,               while               there               are               many               rules               in               society,               there               are               only               a               few               rules               that               are               enforced               in               the               wild,               all               centered               around               one:               the               law               of               club               and               fang.

This               "primitive               law"               (London               17)               is               mentioned               over               and               over               again               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild;               Buck               first               understands               it               when               the               man               in               the               red               sweater               beats               him,               and               the               lesson               is               brought               home               to               him               again               when               Curly               is               torn               to               pieces               by               the               huskies.

At               that               point               he               realizes               that               in               the               North               there               is               "...no               fair               play.

Once               down,               that               was               the               end               of               you.

Well,               he               would               see               to               it               that               he               never               went               down"               (London               27).

By               the               time               that               he               steals               a               chunk               of               bacon,               Buck               has               learned               that               it               is               better               to               survive               than               to               do               what               is               moral.

As               time               goes               on               he               learns               to               fully               embrace               the               law               of               club               and               fang,               and               he               insists               upon               obedience               to               it.

After               finally               managing               to               kill               his               long-time               enemy,               Spitz,               Buck               expects               to               become               leader               of               the               dog               sled               team.

According               to               the               laws               that               he               has               come               to               live               by,               "it               was               his               by               right.

He               had               earned               it,               and               he               would               not               be               content               with               less"               (London               73).

Eventually               he               is               given               the               coveted               position               and               proves               for               a               second               time               that               he               is               better               than               Spitz               at               keeping               and               enforcing               the               law.

Later               on,               after               struggling               through               many               days               of               travel               with               Mercedes,               Charles,               and               Hal,               Buck               decides               that               death               would               be               better               than               continuing               to               live               such               a               terrible               life.

He               breaks               the               treaty               he               had               made               with               nature               by               deciding               to               disobey               his               masters;               because               he               breaks               the               law,               nature               gives               him               the               death               penalty.

John               Thornton               rescues               him               from               that               fate,               and               in               return               Buck               kills               the               Yeehat               Indians               who               eventually               murder               his               new               master.

In               doing               this,               Buck               is               obeying               the               law               of               club               and               fang.

These               instances               show               clearly               that               the               North               is               not               lawless;               it               simply               has               a               "more               fundamental               and               primitive               code"               (London               38)               than               civilization               does.
               Neither               nature               nor               civilization               allows               chaos               to               occur;               both               have               guiding               forces               that               enforce               their               laws               and               control               those               who               live               under               their               influence.

Civilization               has               the               government               and               other               forms               of               authority,               while               the               North               has               nature               itself               as               its               guide.

During               the               scene               with               the               man               with               the               red               sweater,               Buck               is               at               an               in-between               stage:               he               is               no               longer               a               part               of               civilization,               but               he               has               not               yet               arrived               to               the               North.

It               is               at               that               point               that               he               recognizes               that               he               is               no               longer               in               control,               and               that               a               man               with               a               club               is               the               lawgiver.

When               Buck               arrives               in               the               North,               Dave,               Sol-leks,               and               Francois               are               the               first               ones               to               teach               him               about               the               importance               of               following               the               system               for               the               sake               of               survival.

With               their               help               Buck               learns               this               lesson               with               speed,               and               it               serves               him               well               in               the               days               to               come.

He               also               quickly               learns               that               in               the               wilderness               "the               stern,               terrible               god               of               the               White               Silence,"               nature,               "is               present               to               punish               and               correct               those               who               violate               his               code"               (Labor               151).

When               Buck               becomes               leader               of               the               sled               team,               he               starts               to               take               on               this               aspect               of               nature               as               he               strives               to               control               the               other               dogs.

In               The               Call               of               the               Wild               the               narrator               states,               "at               a               bound               Buck               took               up               the               duties               of               leadership...it               was               in               giving               the               law               and               making               his               mates               live               up               to               it               that               Buck               excelled"               (London               75).

When               Mercedes,               Hal,               and               Charles               come               to               the               North,               it               is               obvious               to               everybody               who               sees               them               that               they               are               not               at               all               prepared               to               face               the               tribulations               of               the               wild.

They               know               nothing               about               what               supplies               or               types               of               food               they               need,               and               they               never               realize               that               in               the               North               the               only               things               that               are               important               are               the               things               that               are               essential               for               survival.

Because               of               their               mistakes               and               their               refusal               to               admit               that               they               know               nothing,               they               and               their               dog               sled               team               break               through               the               river               ice               and               drown               (London               114).
               It               is               a               well-known               fact               that               in               order               to               survive,               one               must               be               able               to               adapt               to               new               circumstances;               this               is               equally               true               in               nature               and               in               the               civilized               world.

Buck's               excellent               ability               to               adapt               is               summed               up               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild               by               the               statements               that               he               was               able               to               "adjust               himself               to               changing               conditions"               (37)               and               that               "unconsciously               he               accommodated               himself               to               the               new               mode               of               life"               (38).

When               Buck               is               first               stolen,               he               is               furious               and               ready               to               attack               anyone               who               gets               in               his               way.

When               he               is               beaten               by               the               man               in               the               red               sweater,               however,               he               adapts:               unlike               the               dog               that               would               "neither               conciliate               nor               obey"               (London               17),               he               stops               fighting               when               he               learns               that               he               cannot               win               against               a               man               with               a               club.

For               the               first               time,               he               accepts               a               position               of               inferiority,               because               he               grasps               that               this               is               the               only               way               to               survive.

He               still               desires               mastery,               but               "all               blind               pluck               and               rashness"               (London               54)               has               been               taken               out               of               him               and               has               been               replaced               with               cunning.

Shortly               after               this               Buck               is               taught               to               pull               a               sled               full               of               firewood;               though               this               upsets               him               Buck               is               "too               wise               to               rebel"               (London               28),               and               gradually               he               comes               to               accept               his               new               role.

This               is               a               drastic               change               from               the               old               Buck               of               the               Southlands,               who               was               proud               to               rule               over               the               "great               domain"               (London               4)               of               Judge               Miller's               home.

Buck               shows               further               adaptation               when               he               steals               a               chunk               of               bacon;               because               he               has               come               to               recognize               that               "the               moral               code               of               the               Southland               is               the               opposite               of               the               law               of               club               and               fang               of               the               North"               (Pease               27),               he               steals               food               to               live.

On               the               other               hand,               Mercedes,               Hal,               and               Charles               never               learn               to               adapt.

Even               when               they               finally               give               up               their               dishes               and               clothes,               they               still               decline               to               give               up               unnecessary               items               such               as               the               tent.

They               do               not               listen               to               the               advice               of               the               people               they               meet,               and               they               refuse               to               understand               that               the               dogs               need               rest.

Because               they               do               not               adapt               to               northern               ways,               they               sentence               themselves               to               death.

By               the               end               of               the               novel,               Buck               has               adapted               completely               to               the               ways               of               the               North;               he               has               been               totally               transformed               from               a               loyal               guardian               and               friend               in               the               Southlands               to               a               fierce               and               wild               creature               in               the               North.
               Although               many               critics               see               London               as               confused,               and               others               believe               that               he               only               stresses               the               differences               between               civilization               and               nature,               a               careful               reader               will               draw               the               exact               opposite               conclusion.

Kate               Stille               was               right               on               the               mark               when               she               wrote               that               The               Call               of               the               Wild               makes               its               readers               "groan               in               desperate               resistance               to               the               savage               that               is               not               worlds               away,               nor               in               ancestors               dead               and               buried               centuries               ago,               but               within               us"               (qtd.

in               Nuernberg               99).

London               teaches               that,               while               the               wild               and               civilization               are               different               in               many               ways,               the               two               settings               subtly               reflect               each               other               in               more               way               than               one.

It               is               simple               to               see               the               similarity               between               nature               and               civilization               in               The               Call               of               the               Wild               through               the               lenses               of               society,               law,               societal               control,               and               adaptation.
               Works               Cited
               Benoit,               Raymond.

"Jack               London's               The               Call               of               the               Wild."               American               Quarterly               20.2               (1968):               246-248.

Web.

13               Apr.

2010.
               Berliner,               Jonathon.

"Jack               London's               Socialistic               Social               Darwinism."               American               Literary               Realism               41.1               (2008):               52-78.

Web.

15               April               2010.
               Labor,               Earle.

"Jack               London's               Symbolic               Wilderness:               Four               Versions."               Nineteenth-Century               Fiction               17.2               (1962):               149-161.

Web.

12               April               2010.
               London,               Jack.

The               Call               of               the               Wild.

New               York:               Scholastic               Inc.,               1963.

Print.
               Mills,               Gordon.

"The               Symbolic               Wilderness:               James               Fenimore               Cooper               and               Jack               London."               Nineteenth-Century               Fiction               13.4               (1959):               329-340.

Web.

15               April               2010.
               Nuernberg,               Susan               M.

"Review:               'Give               Us               Savage               and               Naked               Fury:'               Jack               London               and               The               Call               of               the               Wild."               The               English               Journal               85.5               (1996):               98-100.

Web.

15               April               2010.
               Pease,               Donald               E.

"Psychoanalyzing               the               Narrative               Logics               of               Naturalism:               The               Call               of               the               Wild."               Journal               of               Modern               Literature               25.3               (2002):               14-39.

Web.

13               April               2010.
               Reesman,               Jeanne               Campbell               and               Arnold               Krupat.

"Jack               London."               The               Norton               Anthology               of               American               Literature.

Ed.

Nina               Baym.

7th               ed.

Vol.

C.

New               York:               Norton,               2007:               1051-1052.

Print.






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